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Data Types</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-pprint"> <span id="pprint-data-pretty-printer"></span><h1>8.18. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt></a> — Data pretty printer<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pprint" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/pprint.py">Lib/pprint.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt></a> module provides a capability to “pretty-print” arbitrary Python data structures in a form which can be used as input to the interpreter. If the formatted structures include objects which are not fundamental Python types, the representation may not be loadable. This may be the case if objects such as files, sockets, classes, or instances are included, as well as many other built-in objects which are not representable as Python constants.</p> <p>The formatted representation keeps objects on a single line if it can, and breaks them onto multiple lines if they don’t fit within the allowed width. Construct <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> objects explicitly if you need to adjust the width constraint.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Dictionaries are sorted by key before the display is computed; before 2.5, a dictionary was sorted only if its display required more than one line, although that wasn’t documented.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt></a> module defines one class:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">PrettyPrinter</tt><big>(</big><em>indent=1</em>, <em>width=80</em>, <em>depth=None</em>, <em>stream=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> instance. This constructor understands several keyword parameters. An output stream may be set using the <em>stream</em> keyword; the only method used on the stream object is the file protocol’s <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> method. If not specified, the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> adopts <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt>. Three additional parameters may be used to control the formatted representation. The keywords are <em>indent</em>, <em>depth</em>, and <em>width</em>. The amount of indentation added for each recursive level is specified by <em>indent</em>; the default is one. Other values can cause output to look a little odd, but can make nesting easier to spot. The number of levels which may be printed is controlled by <em>depth</em>; if the data structure being printed is too deep, the next contained level is replaced by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">...</span></tt>. By default, there is no constraint on the depth of the objects being formatted. The desired output width is constrained using the <em>width</em> parameter; the default is 80 characters. If a structure cannot be formatted within the constrained width, a best effort will be made.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'lumberjack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'knights'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'ni'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">[:])</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PrettyPrinter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">[ ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'],</span> <span class="go"> 'spam',</span> <span class="go"> 'eggs',</span> <span class="go"> 'lumberjack',</span> <span class="go"> 'knights',</span> <span class="go"> 'ni']</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'lumberjack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'knights'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'ni'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'dead'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'parrot'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'fresh fruit'</span><span class="p">,))))))))</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PrettyPrinter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">depth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead', (...)))))))</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> class supports several derivative functions:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pprint.pformat"> <tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">pformat</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em>, <em>indent=1</em>, <em>width=80</em>, <em>depth=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.pformat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the formatted representation of <em>object</em> as a string. <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> will be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor as formatting parameters.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The parameters <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> were added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pprint.pprint"> <tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">pprint</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em>, <em>stream=None</em>, <em>indent=1</em>, <em>width=80</em>, <em>depth=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.pprint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prints the formatted representation of <em>object</em> on <em>stream</em>, followed by a newline. If <em>stream</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> is used. This may be used in the interactive interpreter instead of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt></a> statement for inspecting values. <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> will be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor as formatting parameters.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'lumberjack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'knights'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'ni'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">[<Recursion on list with id=...>,</span> <span class="go"> 'spam',</span> <span class="go"> 'eggs',</span> <span class="go"> 'lumberjack',</span> <span class="go"> 'knights',</span> <span class="go"> 'ni']</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The parameters <em>indent</em>, <em>width</em> and <em>depth</em> were added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pprint.isreadable"> <tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">isreadable</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.isreadable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-0">Determine if the formatted representation of <em>object</em> is “readable,” or can be used to reconstruct the value using <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></tt></a>. This always returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> for recursive objects.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isreadable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">False</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pprint.isrecursive"> <tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">isrecursive</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.isrecursive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Determine if <em>object</em> requires a recursive representation.</p> </dd></dl> <p>One more support function is also defined:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pprint.saferepr"> <tt class="descclassname">pprint.</tt><tt class="descname">saferepr</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.saferepr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a string representation of <em>object</em>, protected against recursive data structures. If the representation of <em>object</em> exposes a recursive entry, the recursive reference will be represented as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><Recursion</span> <span class="pre">on</span> <span class="pre">typename</span> <span class="pre">with</span> <span class="pre">id=number></span></tt>. The representation is not otherwise formatted.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">saferepr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">"[<Recursion on list with id=...>, 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']"</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="prettyprinter-objects"> <span id="id1"></span><h2>8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#prettyprinter-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> instances have the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.pformat"> <tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">pformat</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.pformat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the formatted representation of <em>object</em>. This takes into account the options passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> constructor.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.pprint"> <tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">pprint</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.pprint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Print the formatted representation of <em>object</em> on the configured stream, followed by a newline.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The following methods provide the implementations for the corresponding functions of the same names. Using these methods on an instance is slightly more efficient since new <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> objects don’t need to be created.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.isreadable"> <tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">isreadable</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.isreadable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-1">Determine if the formatted representation of the object is “readable,” or can be used to reconstruct the value using <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></tt></a>. Note that this returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> for recursive objects. If the <em>depth</em> parameter of the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter" title="pprint.PrettyPrinter"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrettyPrinter</span></tt></a> is set and the object is deeper than allowed, this returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.isrecursive"> <tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">isrecursive</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.isrecursive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Determine if the object requires a recursive representation.</p> </dd></dl> <p>This method is provided as a hook to allow subclasses to modify the way objects are converted to strings. The default implementation uses the internals of the <a class="reference internal" href="#pprint.saferepr" title="pprint.saferepr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">saferepr()</span></tt></a> implementation.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pprint.PrettyPrinter.format"> <tt class="descclassname">PrettyPrinter.</tt><tt class="descname">format</tt><big>(</big><em>object</em>, <em>context</em>, <em>maxlevels</em>, <em>level</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#pprint.PrettyPrinter.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns three values: the formatted version of <em>object</em> as a string, a flag indicating whether the result is readable, and a flag indicating whether recursion was detected. The first argument is the object to be presented. The second is a dictionary which contains the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#id" title="id"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">id()</span></tt></a> of objects that are part of the current presentation context (direct and indirect containers for <em>object</em> that are affecting the presentation) as the keys; if an object needs to be presented which is already represented in <em>context</em>, the third return value should be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>. Recursive calls to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#format" title="format"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">format()</span></tt></a> method should add additional entries for containers to this dictionary. The third argument, <em>maxlevels</em>, gives the requested limit to recursion; this will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> if there is no requested limit. This argument should be passed unmodified to recursive calls. The fourth argument, <em>level</em>, gives the current level; recursive calls should be passed a value less than that of the current call.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="pprint-example"> <span id="id2"></span><h2>8.18.2. pprint Example<a class="headerlink" href="#pprint-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This example demonstrates several uses of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint()</span></tt></a> function and its parameters.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'lumberjack'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'knights'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'ni'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'dead'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'parrot'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'fresh fruit'</span><span class="p">,))))))))</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'a'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'a'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'c'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'d'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">['aaaaaaaaaa',</span> <span class="go"> ('spam',</span> <span class="go"> ('eggs',</span> <span class="go"> ('lumberjack',</span> <span class="go"> ('knights', ('ni', ('dead', ('parrot', ('fresh fruit',)))))))),</span> <span class="go"> ['aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa', 'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb'],</span> <span class="go"> ['cccccccccccccccccccc', 'dddddddddddddddddddd']]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">depth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">['aaaaaaaaaa',</span> <span class="go"> ('spam', ('eggs', (...))),</span> <span class="go"> ['aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa', 'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb'],</span> <span class="go"> ['cccccccccccccccccccc', 'dddddddddddddddddddd']]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">['aaaaaaaaaa',</span> <span class="go"> ('spam',</span> <span class="go"> ('eggs',</span> <span class="go"> ('lumberjack',</span> <span class="go"> ('knights',</span> <span class="go"> ('ni', ('dead', ('parrot', ('fresh fruit',)))))))),</span> <span class="go"> ['aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',</span> <span class="go"> 'bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb'],</span> <span class="go"> ['cccccccccccccccccccc', 'dddddddddddddddddddd']]</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">8.18. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> — Data pretty printer</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#prettyprinter-objects">8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pprint-example">8.18.2. pprint Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="copy.html" title="previous chapter">8.17. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy</span></tt> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="repr.html" title="next chapter">8.19. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr</span></tt> — Alternate <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></tt> implementation</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/pprint.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="repr.html" title="8.19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="copy.html" title="8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="datatypes.html" >8. 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